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Database searches and forward and backward citation checks yielded 16,457 and 13 papers respectively (16,470 total). 6,108 duplicates were removed, resulting in 10,362 articles available for screening (Fig. 1). Of these, 9,214 studies did not meet the inclusion criteria based on title and abstract screening, resulting in 1,148 full-text studies being selected for further screening (Fig. 1). A total of 1,124 studies were excluded, of which 255 had no specific data on men, 166 conference abstracts, 115 HIV-related studies, 106 cancer-related studies, 78 studies did not contain data on barriers or facilitators, and 71 studies focused on men >60 years, 69 studies were from racial or ethnic minority groups, 52 studies were not related to health recruitment and retention, 48 were Alzheimer’s disease or dementia studies, 39 were related to illicit drugs, 29 papers were research Studies with less than 3 visits, 24 papers were in males under 16 years of age, 22 were systematic reviews/review papers, 19 focused on socioeconomically disadvantaged groups, 14 were incomplete studies/research protocols, 13 studies were ongoing Time < 12 weeks, 4 articles involved fathers in early childhood intervention (Figure 1).
A total of 24 articles remained, and the data were extracted and included in this review.The oldest of these studies was published in 1976 [36] The latest is 2023 [37, 38].All included studies were conducted in Western countries, except for the study by Cheraghi et al., which was based in the Middle East. [39] and India-based Schilling et al. [37]; two in the UK [40, 41]two in france [42, 43]one in Finland [44]one of sweden [45]one in the Netherlands [46]a study of European countries [29]One in Germany [47] North America ten [36, 48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56] three in australia [38, 57, 58] And as shown in Table 1.Participant characteristics varied by study focus and included participants with specific health conditions (e.g., being overweight) [41, 57]Occurrence of work injury [40, 41]went to a sexually transmitted infection clinic [46]or are receiving treatment for a mental disorder [44, 50, 53]COVID-19 related issues [37, 54]or habits such as drinking and smoking [56].Some studies recruited participants from specific subgroups, including veterans [36]Electric power company workers [42] and those who have participated in spousal abuse reduction programs. [50]. All twenty-four studies met age inclusion criteria.One of the studies was a family cohort study that recruited families of children with cystic fibrosis and congenital heart disease and required the participation of both parents. [51].
Of the included studies, 20 had both male and female participants [37,38,39,40, 42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49, 51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58]many of which used primarily male samples [42, 52, 53, 58].Four studies recruited only male participants [36, 41, 50, 61] (Table 2). Included mixed-sex studies either described male and female characteristics separately or explicitly stated that there were no significant differences in recruitment and retention based on sex.All included studies used at least 3 study visits or data collection, and the maximum number of study visits or data collection was 95 visits [41] One study had up to 300 interactions with participants [44].The minimum study duration for inclusion was 16 weeks [50] The maximum length of study is 43 years [45].All included studies collected demographic data [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58, 61].
recruit
Overall, all studies provided information on recruitment rates, with 19 studies providing information on retention rates [36, 38,39,40,41, 43,44,45,46,47, 49,50,51,52, 55,56,57,58, 61] (Table 2).Various methods of recruiting male participants include advertising [36, 43, 54, 57]Invitation card [39,40,41,42,43, 47, 52, 56,57,58, 61]selecting participants from a larger group [42, 43, 50, 53]or recruited from hospitals or registries [37, 44, 48, 51, 54, 57] (table 3).The most common method was sending invitation letters, used in 11 of the 24 studies, with recruitment rates ranging from 4.4% to 79.3% [47, 52]. Irvine et al. recruited participants through invitation letters and spatiotemporal sampling, and reported that spatiotemporal sampling was difficult and time-consuming, producing only one participant for every 11 field visits. [23]. Snow et al used a variety of recruitment methods, including recruiting from workplaces and public places, mass mailings, telephone calls, media, and referral methods, and reported that mass mailings were the best of these. [55]. Rose et al attributed their high recruitment rates to advertising, so those who agreed to participate did so voluntarily and were more likely to be interested in research and health interventions overall [36].To maximize male participation, vanWees et al. adapted recruitment methods to target male participants via flyers or personalized invitations to increase awareness and accountability regarding men’s health. [46].
obstacle
Table 4 shows the various factors that interfere with men’s participation in longitudinal studies.Some of these factors are situational, including participant death or relocation [36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 61].Other barriers include time commitment [40, 58]Unwillingness to undergo medical testing [58]or believe the research violates privacy [58].Numerous studies report that men do not participate in study visits [40, 58]not interested in research or too lazy to participate [36, 40, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 58, 61]and the researcher did not receive a response to the invitation [40, 41, 61].
Coordinator
Many studies have used a variety of strategies to increase men’s participation (Table 5).These include providing free medical examinations [36]appointment reminder [40, 42, 46, 48, 51, 52, 56,57,58, 61]or registered wife [36] or family member [39, 51] To assist with retention.Some studies have used a range of strategies, in particular [43, 56, 57]with varying degrees of success.
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